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Deoband
The Daarul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic school in India It is located at Deoband, a town in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was founded in 1866 by several prominent Islamic scholars (Ulamaa), headed by Maulaana Muhammad Qaasim Nanautawi. The other prominent founding scholars were Maulaana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and Haaji Saiyyid Aabid Husaiyn. The institution is highly respected across the India, as well as in other parts of the Indian subcontinent. A large group of scholars at the Daarul Uloom Deoband had opposed the establishment of a state established along sectarian lines, particularly the demands of Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim League for the Partition of British India into Muslim and non-Muslim sections.[1][2] It has been suggested that the real reason for their opposition to Partition was their desire to Islamize all of India.[3] Maulaana Husaiyn Ahmad Madani was one of the scholars who opposed the idea of Pakistan. He was also Shaiykhul Hadees (Chief of Hadees department) of Daarul Uloom Deoband and led the Jamiat Ulamaa-e-Hind, an organization of the Ulama, that saw nothing Islamic in the idea of Pakistan. He said: "All should endeavour jointly for such a democratic government in which Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Parsis are included. Such a freedom is in accordance with Islam." The school advocates an orthodox version of Islam and has repeatedly distanced itself from religious extremism.
In 1857, the British East India Company put down with a heavy hand the independence movement begun by disparate north Indian forces, conducted in the name of the otherwise powerless Bahaadur Shaah Zafar Gurakani. Emperor Zafar became the last Mughal Emperor, for he was deposed the following year and exiled to Burma, with many of his sons put to death. This marked a seminal moment for Indo-Islamic consciousness, specifically for the established Muslim elites of north India, who tended to view the defeat of 1857 as the end of their political...